SQL Plus

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Procedures are PL/SQL functions, packages, or procedures. To create stored procedures, you use the following SQL CREATE commands: CREATE FUNCTION CREATE LIBRARY CREATE PACKAGE CREATE PACKAGE BODY CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE TRIGGER CREATE TYPE Entering any of these commands places you in PL/SQL mode, where you can enter your PL/SQL subprogram. For more information, see About Running PL/SQL Blocks. When you are done typing your PL/SQL subprogram, enter a period (.) on a line by itself to terminate PL/SQL mode. To run the SQL command and create the stored procedure, you must enter RUN or slash (/). A semicolon (;) will not execute these CREATE commands. When you use CREATE to create a stored procedure, a message appears if there are compilation errors. To view these errors, you use SHOW ERRORS. For example: SHOW ERRORS PROCEDURE ASSIGNVLSee SHOW for more information. To execute a PL/SQL statement that references a stored procedure, you can use the SQL*Plus EXECUTE command. EXECUTE runs the PL/SQL statement that you enter immediately after the command. For example:EXECUTE EMPLOYEE_MANAGEMENT.NEW_EMP('BLAKE')See EXECUTE for more information. 4.6 Running SQL*Plus Commands You can use SQL*Plus commands to manipulate SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks and to format and print query results. SQL*Plus treats SQL*Plus commands differently than SQL commands or PL/SQL blocks. To speed up command entry, you can abbreviate many SQL*Plus commands. For information on and abbreviations of all SQL*Plus commands, see SQL*Plus Command Reference. Enter this SQL*Plus command:COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,999 HEADING 'MONTHLY SALARY'If you make a mistake, use Backspace to erase it and re-enter. When you have entered the line, press Return. SQL*Plus notes the new format and displays the SQL*Plus command prompt again, ready for a new command. Enter the following query and press Return to run it:SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JOB_ID, SALARYFROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE SALARY > 12000;EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME JOB_ID MONTHLY SALARY----------- ------------------------- ---------- -------------- 100 King AD_PRES $24,000 101 Kochhar AD_VP $17,000 102 De Haan AD_VP $17,000 145 Russell SA_MAN $14,000 146 Partners SA_MAN $13,500 201 Hartstein MK_MAN $13,0006 rows selected. Example 4-4 Entering a SQL*Plus Command This example shows how you might enter a SQL*Plus command to change the format used to display the column SALARY of the sample view, EMP_DETAILS_VIEW. The COLUMN command formatted the column SALARY with a dollar sign ($) and a comma (,) and gave it a new heading. 4.6.1 About Understanding SQL*Plus Command Syntax SQL*Plus commands have a different syntax from SQL

SQL*Plus FAQ:What is SQL*Plus and where does it come from?[edit]SQL*Plus is a command line SQL and PL/SQL language interface and reporting tool that ships with the Oracle Database Client and Server software. It can be used interactively or driven from scripts. SQL*Plus is frequently used by DBAs and Developers to interact with the Oracle database.If you are familiar with other databases, sqlplus is equivalent to:"sql" in Ingres,"isql" in Sybase and SQL Server,"sqlcmd" in Microsoft SQL Server,"db2" in IBM DB2,"psql" in PostgreSQL, and"mysql" in MySQL.SQL*Plus's predecessor was called UFI (User Friendly Interface). UFI was included in the first Oracle releases up to Oracle 4. The UFI interface was extremely primitive and, in today's terms, anything but user friendly. If a statement was entered incorrectly, UFI issued an error and rolled back the entire transaction.How does one use the SQL*Plus utility?[edit]Start using SQL*Plus by executing the "sqlplus" command-line utility from the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory. Some of the command line options:userid/password@db -- Connection details/nolog -- Do not login to Oracle. You will need to do it yourself.-s or -silent -- start sqlplus in silent mode. Not recommended for beginners!@myscript -- Start executing script called "myscript.sql"Look at this example session:sqlplus /nologSQL> connect scott/tigerSQL> select * from tab;SQL> disconnectSQL> exitPlease note that one must prepare the environment before starting sqlplus. Linux/ Unix example: $ . oraenvORACLE_SID = [orcl] ? orcl$ sqlplus scott/tigerWindows Example:Click on "Start" -> "Run" and enter "cmd"C:> set ORACLE_SID=orclC:> sqlplus scott/tigeror...C:> sqlplus scott/tiger@orclWhat commands can be executed from SQL*Plus?[edit]One can enter three kinds of commands from the SQL*Plus command prompt:SQL*Plus commandsSQL*Plus commands are used to set options for SQL*Plus, format reports, edit files, edit the command buffer, and so on. SQL*Plus commands do not interact with the database. These commands do not have to be terminated with a semicolon (;) (as is the case with SQL commands). Examples:SQL> CLEAR SCREENSQL> SHOW USERSQL> SET PAGESIZE 100SQL> START myscrip.sqlSQL commandsFor more information see the Oracle SQL FAQ. Eg:SQL> SELECT * FROM user_tables;PL/SQL blocksFor more information see the Oracle PL/SQL FAQ. Eg:BEGIN dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');END;/What are the basic SQL*Plus commands?[edit]Here is a list of some of the most frequently used SQL*Plus commands:ACCEPT - Get input from the userDEFINE - Declare a variable (short: DEF)DESCRIBE - Lists the attributes of tables and other objects (short: DESC)EDIT - Places you in an editor so you can edit a SQL command (short: ED)EXIT or QUIT - Disconnect from the database and terminate SQL*PlusGET - Retrieves a SQL file and places it into the SQL bufferHOST - Issue an operating system command (short: !)LIST - Displays the last command executed/ command in the SQL buffer (short: L)PROMPT - Display a text string on the screen. Eg prompt Hello World!!!RUN - List

Commands or PL/SQL blocks. You do not need to end a SQL*Plus command with a semicolon. When you finish entering the command, you can just press Return or click Execute. There is no need to end a SQL*Plus command with a semicolon. 4.6.1.1 About Continuing a Long SQL*Plus Command on Additional Lines You can continue a long SQL*Plus command by typing a hyphen at the end of the line and pressing Return. If you wish, you can type a space before typing the hyphen. SQL*Plus displays a right angle-bracket (>) as a prompt for each additional line. For example:COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,999 -HEADING 'MONTHLY SALARY'Since SQL*Plus identifies the hyphen as a continuation character, entering a hyphen within a SQL statement is ignored by SQL*Plus. SQL*Plus does not identify the statement as a SQL statement until after the input processing has joined the lines together and removed the hyphen. For example, entering the following:SELECT 200 -100 FROM DUAL;returns the error:SELECT 200 100 FROM DUAL *ERROR at line 1:ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where expectedTo ensure that the statement is interpreted correctly, reposition the hyphen from the end of the first line to the beginning of the second line. 4.7 System Variables that Affect How Commands Run The SQL*Plus SET command controls many variables—called SET variables or system variables—which affect the way SQL*Plus runs your commands. System variables control a variety of conditions within SQL*Plus, including default column widths for your output, whether SQL*Plus displays the number of records selected by a command, and your page size. The examples in this guide are based on running SQL*Plus with the system variables at their default settings. Depending on the settings of your system variables, your output may appear slightly different than the output shown in the examples. (Your settings might differ from the default settings if you have a SQL*Plus LOGIN file on your computer.) See the SET command for more information on system variables and their default settings. See SQL*Plus Configuration and SQLPLUS Program Syntax for details on the SQL*Plus LOGIN file. To list the current setting of a system variable, enter SHOW followed by the variable name. See the SHOW command for information on other items you can list with SHOW. 4.8 About Stopping a Command while it is Running Suppose you have displayed the first page of a 50 page report and decide you do not need to see the