Radioactive dice decay simulation

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View Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation (1).docx from SCI 123 at Stonebridge College. Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation Aim To simulate radioactive decay by rolling dice.

Simulating radioactive decay with dice

Presentation on theme: "Hot Dice Labettini PURPOSES:"— Presentation transcript: 1 Hot Dice Labettini PURPOSES:To illustrate the random nature of radioactive decay To define radioactive “half-life” To demonstrate that less stable elements decay faster and have shorter half-lives MATERIALS (per team — 12 teams REQUIRED): 32 dice Tray 2 Hot Dice Labettini INTRODUCTION:A radioactive atom can change into another element. It “decays” by spitting out a bit of its nucleus. Example: 210Po  206Pb + alpha A radioactive atom has a certain probability of decaying within a certain time. Example: Any atom of 210Po has a 50% chance of decaying in the next 138 days That probability never changes. Even if a 210Po atom has already survived a gazillion years, it still has just a 50% chance of decaying in the next 138 days. The time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay is called the “half life”. Duh. 3 Hot Dice Labettini We will simulate radioactive decay using dice instead of atoms. We’ll pretend that one of our atomic dice decays if it shows a certain number. EXAMPLE: An “atom” decays if it’s an even number. So, on any given roll, the “atom” has a 50% chance of decaying. Even if that atom comes up odd a gazillion times in a row, it still only has a chance of being even (and decaying) on the next roll. Put another way, if we roll a bunch of “atoms”, we expect about half to decay and half to survive. Put yet another way, those “atoms” have a half life of “one roll” 4 Hot Dice Labettini We will simulate radioactive decay using dice instead of atoms. We’ll pretend that one of our atomic dice decays if it shows a certain number. EXAMPLE: An “atom” decays if it’s an even number. So, on any given roll, the “atom” has a 50% chance of decaying. Even if that atom comes up odd a gazillion times in a row, it still only has a chance of being even (and decaying) on the next roll. Put another way, if we roll a bunch of “atoms”, we expect about half to decay and half to survive. Put yet another way, those “atoms” have a half life of “one roll” Understand this now so you don’t make stupid gambling bets later! Dice, like atoms, don’t have a memory! 5 Hot Dice Labettini SIMULATION 1: LESS STABLE ELEMENTTo simulate an unstable element that decays quickly, we’ll pretend that an “atom” decays if it’s even after a roll. If it’s odd, it will survive for another roll. So, half of the “atoms” should decay after each roll, and half should survive. Each group will

Simulating radioactive decay with dice - YouTube

Start with 32 “atoms” and roll them. After the first roll, remove the “atoms” that are even. Record how many remain for your group and for the class as a whole. Roll the remaining “atoms”. Repeat for six rolls, or until all “atoms” have decayed. Roll Remaining Atoms Predicted Yours Class 384 32 1 192 2 96 3 48 4 24 5 12 6 6 Hot Dice Labettini SIMULATION 2: MORE STABLE ELEMENTTo simulate a more stable element, we’ll pretend that an “atom” decays if it equals 1 after a roll. So, 1/6 of the “atoms” should decay after each roll, and 5/6 should survive. (These fractions are not forbidden!) Each group will start with 32 “atoms” and roll them. After the first roll, remove the “atoms” that are 1’s. Record how many remain for your group and for the class. Roll the remaining “atoms”. Repeat for 15 rolls or until all “atoms” have decayed. Roll Remaining Atoms Predicted Yours Class 384 32 1 320 2 266.7 3 222.2 4 185.2 … 15 25.0 7 Hot Dice Labettini ANALYSIS:Plot the class data for both radioactive elements, but pretend that each roll represents 1 year. Use the graphs to estimate the half-life of each element in years. Remember, the half-life is the time it takes for half of the atoms to decay! Record your estimates. 8 Hot Dice Labettini QUESTIONS: Half gone, half left Unstable half-lifePick up one die. How many times in the life of the Universe has that die been rolled? What are the odds that it will be “even” if you roll it now? Will the odds of rolling “even” ever change — no matter how many times you roll that die? Likewise, the half-life of an atom never changes. No matter how long it has survived, it still has the same chance of making it through another day as any other atom of the same element. 400 Half gone, half left 300 200 100 Unstable half-life Stable half-life 9 Hot Dice Labettini SUMMARY:Radioactive decay is RANDOM and does NOT depend on history! Half of the atoms of a radioactive element will decay within a half life. Less stable elements have shorter half lives.

Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation 1 .docx - Radioactive

Material. Ionizing radiation is generated through nuclear reactions, by very high temperature (e.g. the corona of the Sun), in particle accelerators, or due to charged particles acceleration in electromagnetic fields produced by natural processes, for example, during lightning.Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay ConverterRadioactive decay is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing particles (ionizing radiation). A decay, or loss of energy, results when an atom with one type of nucleus, called the parent radionuclide, transforms to an atom with a nucleus in a different state, or to a different nucleus containing different numbers of protons and neutrons. Either of these products are named the daughter nuclide. In some decays, the parent and daughter are different chemical elements, and thus the decay process results in nuclear transmutation (creation of an atom of a new element).The SI-derived unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq). One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays (or disintegrates) per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s⁻¹. When measuring radioactivity with a detector, a unit of “counts per second” (cps) or “counts per minute” (cpm) is often used. Some radiation detectors are calibrated in "disintegrations per second" or "decays per second." All of these units can be converted to the absolute activity of the sample in Bq if one applies a number of significant conversions that take into account the radiation background, the detector efficiency, the counting geometry, the sample size, and the self-absorption of the radiation by the sample.Another unit of radioactivity is the curie, Ci. It is equal, by definition, to the activity of any radionuclide decaying with a disintegration rate of 3.7 × 10¹º Bq, so that 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7 × 10¹º Bq. The use of Ci is currently discouraged by the SI. Low activities are also measured in disintegrations or decays per minute (dpm).Using the Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Converter ConverterThis online unit converter allows quick and accurate conversion between many units of measure, from one system to another. The. View Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation (1).docx from SCI 123 at Stonebridge College. Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation Aim To simulate radioactive decay by rolling dice.

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20 Oct 2024 Tags: Nuclear Engineering Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Radiochemistry calculation Popularity: ⭐⭐⭐Radioactive Decay CalculatorThis calculator provides the calculation of the number of atoms remaining after radioactive decay.ExplanationCalculation Example: Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation. The number of atoms remaining after radioactive decay can be calculated using the formula N = N0 * e^(-lambda * t), where N0 is the initial number of atoms, lambda is the decay constant, and t is the time elapsed.Q: What is the half-life of a radioactive element?A: The half-life of a radioactive element is the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. It can be calculated using the formula t1/2 = ln(2) / lambda.Q: How can radioactive decay be used in real-world applications?A: Radioactive decay has many applications in the real world, such as carbon dating, medical imaging, and cancer treatment.Variables Symbol Name Unit t Time Elapsed s lambda Decay Constant 1/s N0 Initial Number of Atoms atoms Calculation ExpressionRadioactive Decay Function: The number of atoms remaining after time t is given by N = N0 * e^(-lambda * t).N0 * Math.exp(-lambda * t)CalculatorTime Elapsed (s): Decay Constant (1/s): Initial Number of Atoms (atoms): Calculated valuesConsidering these as variable values: lambda=5.0E-4, N0=1000.0, t=100.0, the calculated value(s) are given in table below Derived Variable Value Radioactive Decay Function 1000.0*math.0.0 Sensitivity Analysis GraphsRadioactive Decay Function: The number of atoms remaining after time t is given by N = N0 * e^(-lambda * t).Impact of null on Radioactive Decay Function TGvar = [0.001 TO -0.001] f(TGvar)=N0 * Math.exp(-TGvar * t) Impact of null on Radioactive Decay Function TGvar = [1000.000 TO -1000.000] f(TGvar)=TGvar * Math.exp(-lambda * t) Similar Calculators Nuclear Reaction Calculations Fundamentals of Nuclear Engineering Calculations Nuclear Reactivity Calculations Fundamentals of Nuclear Reactor Analysis Nuclear Reaction Calculation Nuclear Thermodynamics Formulas Principles of Nuclear Reactor Calculations Theoretical Nuclear Attribute Computation Nuclear Thermodynamics Fundamentals Nuclear Composition CalculationExplore Radioactive decay Nuclear physics Chemistry Calculate the specific activity of a 10mCi sample of Co-60 if it occupies a volume of 1000 liters. A solution containing 5mg of Ru-106 is diluted to make 500 liters. What will be the concentration of Ru-106 in this solution? If a radioactive sample has an activity of 2 mCi and a mass of 200 grams, what is its specific activity?Calculator Apps Radioactive Decay Calculator AI supported calculatorn Gear Design in 3D & Learning

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Random converter 1 disintegrations/minute = 0.0166666666666667 becquerel [Bq]More about Radioactive DecayOverviewRadiation signsRadioactive decay is the process of discharging radioactive particles. When talking about radiation, this article refers to ionizing radiation. Different types of radioactive decay include alpha, beta, and gamma decay. They are named after the particles emitted during this process. During the decay, the radioactive particles take the energy away from the nucleus. Some radioactive decay changes the original nucleus of the atom into either a different nucleus or a nucleus in a changed state.Types of Radioactive DecayAlpha DecayAlpha particles, emitted during alpha decay, are made of two neutrons and two protons. Their structure is similar to a helium nucleus. Most alpha particles created by alpha decay do not have high penetration, compared to other particles. Even a sheet of paper can stop them. Alpha particles pose little threat externally because even air can stop them if the wall of air between the radioactive source and the object is wide enough. Skin also stops alpha particles from entering the body. They are very dangerous to living organisms when taken internally, however — much more so than beta or gamma ones. Alpha particles emitted from Polonium-210 are notorious for having been used in murdering a former officer of the Russian secret service, Alexander Litvinenko, in 2006. He was tricked to ingest Polonium-210 in his food during a lunch meeting. It was a widely publicized case, especially because Litvinenko was poisoned in the United Kingdom, where he received political asylum.Beta DecayBeta particles, created during beta decay, are positrons or electrons. They have higher penetration than alpha particles, but they cannot penetrate aluminum, as well as a range of other materials. Beta radiation can enter the body during direct exposure. It is used in radiotherapy.An interesting aspect of beta decay is that sometimes the particles that travel at high speed emit beautiful blue light called Cherenkov radiation. An example of this was the glow of cesium-137 that attracted people during the Goiânia accident described below. It was because of this glow that at the time of the accident people thought that cesium-137

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Unit in a Bangkok hospital. After upgrading to a new machine, the hospital sold the old one to the electric company that sold them the replacement. They did not complete the necessary transfer documentation, and the unit was not registered with the agency that monitors the location of all radioactive objects in Thailand. The electric company stored the unit together with two other unlicensed units at a property with limited security.It is unclear how the unit was stolen, but the scrap metal collectors that had it originally claimed that they bought it. They cut it open with the help of scrapyard workers and soon became ill because they were exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation. They also contaminated the surrounding area and exposed people in the vicinity of radiation. At the hospital, several days after the first patients were admitted the doctors suspected radiation poisoning. This was 17 days after the first exposure. The hospital contacted the national agency responsible for radiation monitoring.The cleanup team located the radiation source and retrieved the two remaining unlicensed units from the insecure property. As a result of this accident, two scrapyard workers and the husband of the scrapyard owner died. One of the scrap collectors’ fingers was amputated, and many people had symptoms of radiation poisoning. Despite Thailand’s efforts to prevent further such occurrences, scrap metal containing sealed radioactive sources was found twice in 2008 during scrap metal trade. Both times the units containing radioactive material were unopened and the workers notified the authorities, avoiding accidents. In one of the cases, the worker recognized the logo that labeled hazardous radioactive material — this logo was created as a response to the Samut Prakan accident.Natural Nuclear ReactorGabon, a country on the West coast of Africa, next to Cameroon and Congo, is famous for housing a natural nuclear fission reactor in an area with a plentiful accumulation of uranium. This place is called Oklo. The radioactive decay of uranium-235 happened there naturally because this uranium mine had all the pre-conditions for the decay to happen. Uranium-235 was undergoing alpha decay about 2 billion years

Simulating radioactive decay with dice - and graphing (NCPQ)

Bimal Raut September 16, 2022 Nuclear chemistry Thorium (4n) SeriesUranium (4n+2) SeriesActinium (4n+3) SeriesNeptunium (4n+1) SeriesList of radioactive seriesRadioactive Series VideoReferencesThe radioactive series also called as radioactive decay series is the series of elements obtained by successive disintegration of a parent radioactive element to a non-radioactive stable element. The series of elements obtained from 90Th-232, 92U-235, and 92U-239 are natural radioactive series, while the series obtained from artificially prepared 93Np-237 is called radioactive series.When a radioactive element emits α or β particles, the new daughter elements are formed and may have unstable nuclei. The daughter element further disintegrates by emitting α and β particles forming new elements. The process of disintegration is continued until a non-radioactive stable element is obtained. Thus, the formation of the stable nucleus from a radioactive element is not a one-step process.There are four series of radioactive elements.Thorium (4n) SeriesUranium (4n+2) SeriesActinium (4n+3) SeriesNeptunium (4n+1) SeriesThorium (4n) SeriesIt begins with the radioactive elements, Uranium-232 and ends with stable non-radioactive lead (Pb)-208. The mass number of all elements are integral multiple of 4.Uranium (4n+2) SeriesThe parent element, uranium-238, is used as its starting parent radioactive elements which undergo disintegration and form lead-206 as its final stable component. Since the mass number of all elements in this series gives a remainder of 2 when divided by 4, it is called the (4n+2) series, where n is an integer. It possesses the longest half-life.Actinium (4n+3) SeriesThe radioactive element uranium-235 converts into Lead-207, a stable element as the final product. Since the mass number of all elements in this series gives a remainder of 3 when divided by 4, it is called the (4n+3) series, where n is an integer.Neptunium (4n+1) SeriesThe elements in this series are not found in nature. It begins with Bismuth-200 and terminates into stable neptunium-237. The mass number of all elements in this series gives a remainder of 1 when divided by 4, hence is called the (4n+1) series.List of radioactive seriesThe various radioactive series with their starting element, end-stable elements, and the half-life is presented below:SeriesName of SeriesStarting Radioactive ElementStable Non-Radioactive ElementHalf-life of Starting Element4nThorium90Th-23282Pb-2081.3 ×1010 year4n+1Neptunium94Pu-24183Bi-2094.5 ×109 year4n+2Uranium92U-23882Pb-2067.1 ×108 year4n+3Actinium92U-23982Pb-20713.2 yearRadioactive Series VideoReferencesAtkins, P. (2010). Shriver & Atkins’ Inorganic Chemistry (5th or later Edition). Oxford University Press.Lee, J. D. (2008). Concise Inorganic Chemistry: Fifth Edition by J.D. Lee (Fifth edition). Oxford University Press.Arun Bahl, B. S. Bahl & G. D. Tuli, Essentials of Physical Chemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2012. Tags: 4n series, 4n+1 series, 4n+2 series, 4n+3 series, actinium series, adioactive decay series example, list of radioactive series, natural radioactive decay series, natural radioactive series, neptunium series, radioactive decay series, radioactive decay series of uranium 238, radioactive series, radioactive. View Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation (1).docx from SCI 123 at Stonebridge College. Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation Aim To simulate radioactive decay by rolling dice.

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Was a magical substance and displayed it in their houses.Personal protective equipment. Naval museum complex Balaklava, Crimea, Russia.Gamma DecayGamma rays created during gamma decay have a very high level of penetration, much higher than the penetration capacity of alpha and beta particles. To protect against gamma radiation one needs to use a shield made from lead or another heavy material. The definition of gamma rays changed several times but now they are defined as rays that the nucleus emits, except for gamma rays emitted during astronomic events. They are distinguished from X-rays, which are created by the emission from electrons that are not inside the nucleus.Half-LifeEach radioactive particle has a half-life, defined as a duration of time in which the total amount of the radioactive substance decreases by half. It represents time and is measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, years, depending on the duration of the half-life. For example, the radioactive particles of iodine-131 and Cesium-137, which were some of the major substances that contaminated the surrounding area after the Chernobyl accident, have half-lives of 8 days and 30 years, respectively. The total amount of time it takes for the radioactive material to decay will depend both on its half-life and the amount of the material.Chernobyl DisasterThe 1986 accident on the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine is notorious for the release of radioactive substances into the atmosphere, and the contamination of the surrounding area. At the time of the accident, a large number of radioactive isotopes were released, including iodine-131, cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium-241, among others. All of these elements undergo beta decay and as such, they can penetrate cells easily if one does not wear protective clothing. They then damage the cells and cause various types of cancer.Iodine-131Iodine-131The half-life for iodine-131 is the shortest, only 8 days, so it presented a short-term danger at the beginning of the disaster. The original release was extensive, about 1760 petabecquerels (pBqs), where 1 pBq is 10 to the power of 15 becquerels (Bq). Because of its rapid decay, there is very little iodine-131 left in Chernobyl at present.Iodine-131 is easily absorbed by

To Study Radioactive Decay by Simulating Polyhedral Dice in

Work on my end.Computer technology has advanced so much that you have several good options available.One method is to use a physical phenomenon. For example, you can measure radioactive decay using a Geiger counter connected to a computer.9 This method is not a practical solution for my small simulation project.Another option is the use of the Random.org service, which is free. The Random website generates randomness from atmospheric noise. Although free, I have to set up a system to request data from their server and ensure I don’t exceed the quota. I can quickly reach the limit for a lottery simulation program in no time.I’m thinking of something I can use immediately for my random test generator machine.Fortunately, nowadays, programming languages have evolved to address the issue of randomness.PHP7 introduced a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator or CSPRNG10 with properties that make number generation unpredictable.11This CSPRNG can be easily invoked with the use of random_int directive.12It’s good to know we have a cheaper and readily available solution.However, a series of statistical tests13 must be conducted to ensure that random generation is high quality.A Test of Quality RandomnessSince a practical option is available using PHP7, my next step is to check if CSPRNG delivers on its promises.The first test is to check if the random distribution that the code produces abides by the law of large numbers.In the lottery, all numbers have an equal probability. According to the law of large numbers, all numbers converge around the same expected value if an experiment is repeated many times. Therefore, a simulation program must be able to produce the same characteristics.If we have a set of 20 numbers and pick one at a time, each number will have a probability of 1/20 or an expected value of 5 in 100 draws. If we pick one million times, each number should have an observed frequency of more or less 50,000.Drawing numbers from 1 to 20 using random_int iterated one million times. All numbers converge around 50,000.The above table looks good. But we can have a better look at it visually using the pie graphs. View Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation (1).docx from SCI 123 at Stonebridge College. Radioactive Decay Dice Simulation Aim To simulate radioactive decay by rolling dice.

Simulating Radioactive Decay: Lab Experiment with Dice and

47CoMass Number47Neutron Number20Relative Atomic Mass47.011401 ± 0.000644 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf LifeSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery YearParity-Decay ModeIntensityp (proton emission)48CoMass Number48Neutron Number21Relative Atomic Mass48.001857 ± 0.000537 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf LifeSpin6Quadrupole MomentDiscovery YearParity+Decay ModeIntensityp (proton emission)49CoMass Number49Neutron Number22Relative Atomic Mass48.989501 ± 0.000537 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf LifeSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery YearParity-Decay ModeIntensityp (proton emission)54CoMass Number54Neutron Number27Relative Atomic Mass53.948459075 ± 0.00000038 DaG-Factor0 AbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life193.27 ± 0.06 msSpin0Quadrupole Moment0 Discovery Year1952Parity+Decay ModeIntensityβ+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%55CoMass Number55Neutron Number28Relative Atomic Mass54.941996416 ± 0.000000434 DaG-Factor1.3777142857143 ± 0.00085714285714286 AbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life17.53 ± 0.03 hSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1938Parity-Decay ModeIntensityβ+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%56CoMass Number56Neutron Number29Relative Atomic Mass55.939838032 ± 0.00000051 DaG-Factor0.9625 ± 0.0025 AbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life77.236 ± 0.026 dSpin4Quadrupole Moment0.25 ± 0.09 Discovery Year1941Parity+Decay ModeIntensityβ+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%57CoMass Number57Neutron Number30Relative Atomic Mass56.936289819 ± 0.000000553 DaG-Factor1.3485714285714 ± 0.0028571428571429 AbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life271.811 ± 0.032 dSpin7/2Quadrupole Moment0.54 ± 0.1 Discovery Year1941Parity-Decay ModeIntensityϵ (electron capture)100%59CoMass Number59Neutron Number32Relative Atomic Mass58.933193524 ± 0.000000426 DaG-FactorAbundance100 RadioactivityStableHalf LifeNot Radioactive ☢️Spin7/2Quadrupole Moment0.42 ± 0.03 Discovery Year1923Parity-60CoMass Number60Neutron Number33Relative Atomic Mass59.933815536 ± 0.000000433 DaG-Factor0.7598 ± 0.0016 AbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life5.2714 ± 0.0006 ySpin5Quadrupole Moment0.46 ± 0.06 Discovery Year1941Parity+Decay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%61CoMass Number61Neutron Number34Relative Atomic Mass60.932476031 ± 0.000000901 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life1.649 ± 0.005 hSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1947Parity-Decay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%62CoMass Number62Neutron Number35Relative Atomic Mass61.934058198 ± 0.00001994 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life1.54 ± 0.1 mSpin2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1949ParityDecay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%63CoMass Number63Neutron Number36Relative Atomic Mass62.93359963 ± 0.000019941 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life26.9 ± 0.4 sSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1960Parity-Decay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%64CoMass Number64Neutron Number37Relative Atomic Mass63.935810176 ± 0.000021476 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life300 ± 30 msSpin1Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1969Parity+Decay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%65CoMass Number65Neutron Number38Relative Atomic Mass64.936462071 ± 0.000002235 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf Life1.16 ± 0.03 sSpin7/2Quadrupole MomentDiscovery Year1978ParityDecay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)100%78CoMass Number78Neutron Number51Relative Atomic Mass77.983553 ± 0.000751 DaG-FactorAbundanceRadioactivity☢️ RadioactiveHalf LifeSpinQuadrupole MomentDiscovery Year2017ParityDecay ModeIntensityβ− (β− decay)