Resection surveying

Is essential. It can be done by using a compass or back sighting. In this case, the plane table is rotated such that plotted lines in the drawing sheet are parallel to corresponding lines on the ground. Methods of Plane Table SurveyingThere are four methods of plane table surveying that are discussed below. Radiation method of plane table surveying In this method, the instrument is set up at a station and rays are drawn to various stations which are to be plotted. The distances are cut to a suitable scale after actual measurements. This method is suitable only when the area to be surveyed is small and all the required stations to be plotted are clearly visible and accessible from the instrument station. The scope of the method is increased when the distances are measured with the help of a tacheometer.Intersection method of plane table surveying In this method, two stations are selected such that all the other stations to be plotted are visible from these. A line joining these two stations is called a base line. The length of this base line is measured very accurately. Rays are drawn from these stations to the station to be plotted. The intersection of the rays from these two stations gives the position of the station to be plotted on the drawing sheet. Sometimes, this method is also called graphical triangulation. This method is most commonly used for plotting details. It is preferred when the distance between the stations is too large, the stations are inaccessible, or the ground is undulating. For example broken boundaries, which can be very conveniently plotted by this method.Traversing method of plane table surveying This method is similar to compass or theodolite traversing. The table is set at each of the stations in succession. A foresight is taken to the next station and the distance is cut according to a suitably chosen scale. This method is most suited when a narrow strip of the terrain is to be surveyed, e.g. survey of roads, railways, etc. This method can be used for traversing both open as well as close traverses.Resection method of plane table surveying This method of orientation is employed when the plane table occupies a position not yet plotted on the drawing sheet. Resection can be defined as the process of locating the instrument station occupied by the plane table by drawing rays from the stations whose positions are already plotted on the drawing sheet. The point representing the resection of two rays will be the station to be located, provided the orientation at the station to be plotted is correct, which is seldom achieved. This problem can be solved by any of the methods, such

Base of the alidade and can be done by setting the alidade on the corner edge of a building or on a suspended plumb bob. If they do not coincide, adjust the hinges till the vane coincides with the plumb line. LevellingIn plane table surveying, it is the operation of bringing the plane table in a horizontal plane. Levelling of the board is done with the help of a spirit level and by employing one of the following methods: Application of ball and socket arrangement. Tilting of the board ordinarily. Adjusting the legs of the tripod.Orientation It is the operation of keeping the plane table parallel to the position it occupied at the first station. In such a case, all the lines plotted will be parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground. If the position of the board is different at successive stations, the relative positions of the plotted details will not remain the same as the relative positions of the details on the ground. As a result, the plotted work of the previous stations cannot be connected to that of the successive stations. During orientation the table is rotated and the plotted position of the instrument station is also disturbed and shifts relative to the ground stations. Therefore, operations of orientation and centering are therefore interrelated. Orientation of the plane table can be closed using a trough compass, back sighting or by resection. Centering It is the operation of bringing the plotted station point exactly over the ground station. A Plumbing Fork is used for centering the plane table. First of all, the pointed end of the plumbing fork is kept on the paper while the other end is attached with a plumb bob. Then, the board is continuously moved until the bob hangs exactly over the peg of the station. It should be noted that exact and proper centering is done only in case of large-scale mapping. And for small-scale mapping, an error of about 30 cm is permissible. Arrangement of Plane Table Surveying EquipmentPlane Table Surveying equipment is arranged in 4 steps as follows:-Fixing of Plane TableAttach the tripod stand to the plane table. Using paper clips or thumb screws, arrange the drawing sheet on the plane table. From first to last, the sheet should be in one position.Levelling of Plane TableIt is the operation of bringing the plane table in a horizontal plane. Levelling of the board is done with the help of a spirit level. Centering of Plane TableThe table should be centered by using a plumbing fork, by which we can arrange the plotted point exactly over the ground point. Orientation of Plane TableWhenever we are using more than one instrument station, orientation

Nov 20, 2014 370 likes | 1.44k Views Small Bowel Resection. Jim Buscher University of Kentucky College of Medicine Class of 2014. Content. Brief History of small bowel resection Alternate names Advantage of Laparoscopy When to perform procedure Risks of Small Bowel Resection Patient Presentation Equipment Needed OR Setup Download Presentation Small Bowel Resection An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher. Presentation Transcript Small Bowel Resection Jim Buscher University of Kentucky College of Medicine Class of 2014Content • Brief History of small bowel resection • Alternate names • Advantage of Laparoscopy • When to perform procedure • Risks of Small Bowel Resection • Patient Presentation • Equipment Needed • OR Setup • Port Placement • Key Steps • Post –Operative CareHistory • The first reported small bowel was reported to have taken place in 1727 by Ramdohr. • Removed 2 feet of gangrenous intestine • By 1836 at least 10 more

A bowel resection is a surgery to remove any part of the bowel. This includes the small intestine, large intestine, or rectum. Doctors use it to treat diseases and blockages of the large intestine (colon).Bowel diseases and conditions can put your life at risk. They can also keep the colon or rectum from working as they should. This causes symptoms like pain and discomfort.Your doctor may recommend a bowel resection for one of the following reasons:Cancer: The amount of bowel they remove depends on the size and location of the cancer. The surgeon will take out nearby lymph nodes, too.Diverticulitis: You may need surgery for complications, such as severe infection or perforationBlockage: When your intestine becomes blocked, food and liquid can’t pass. This can cut off the blood supply, causing tissue to die.Severe bleeding: If doctors can’t stop a bowel bleed, they may need to remove that section of the intestine.Colon surgery is done in one of three ways: Open resection: A surgeon makes one long cut on the belly. They’ll use normal surgical tools to take out a portion of the intestine.Laparoscopic resection: The surgeon makes two to four small cuts (incisions) on the belly. They insert a thin tube with a tiny camera into one incision. This is called a laparoscope. It sends a picture to a monitor. The surgeon uses it to see inside the abdomen. They then pass small, special surgical tools through the other incisions to remove part of the intestine.Robot-assisted laparoscopic resection: In this surgery, the instruments are attached to robots. The surgeon controls the robots to perform the surgery.The type of surgery you’ll get depends on your condition. The location and size of the diseased or damaged colon are also factors. In some cases, your surgeon may need to change from a laparoscopic to open surgery during the procedure.This is a major surgery. You’ll need to check into a hospital. On the day of your surgery, you’ll get general anesthesia. That means you’ll go into an unconscious, sleep-like state so you don’t feel anything during surgery. During the procedure, a surgeon will detach

Into the bladder. Induction intravesical BCG is prescribed three to four weeks after TURBT. Up to two courses of induction intravesical chemotherapy may be prescribed.Indications:High-grade non-invasive bladder tumor (high grade Ta)Urothelial carcinoma in situ (Tis)Low-grade or high-grade bladder tumor with invasion into the lamina propria (T1)4. Maintenance intravesical BCG immunotherapyMaintenance intravesical BCG immunotherapy includes six to twelve monthly instillations of BCG into the bladder.Indication:Maintenance intravesical BCG immunotherapy is a treatment option after complete endoscopic resection of recurrent or residual bladder tumor(s) in patients who have recurrent or residual bladder tumor(s) after one or two courses of induction intravesical mitomicyn C chemotherapy or intravesical BCG immunotherapy.Specific Intravesical Therapies:5. Intravesical mitomycin CThe most commonly administered adjuvant intravesical chemotherapeutic agent is mitomycin C. Immediate adjuvant intravesical mitomycin C administered within 24 hours of TURBT benefits a significant proportion of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mitomycin C decreases the rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence. It does not affect or prevent the progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to higher disease stages.Immediate intravesical mitomycin C chemotherapy within 24 hours after complete endoscopic resection of a bladder tumor(s) is one of the management options for low grade non-invasive bladder cancer (Ta). Adjuvant intravesical mitomicyn C is not considered a first-line treatment after complete endoscopic resection of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer including high grade bladder tumors, urothelial carcinoma in situ (Tis) and bladder tumors with invasion into the lamina propria (T1).Side effects and complications of intravesical mitomycin CMyelosuppression due to systemic absortion. Prolonged myelosuppression can be seen in the setting of bladder perforation and peritoenal absorbtion of chemotherapy.Skin rash.Non-infectious cystitis with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs): dysuria, frequency, urgency.Superimposed bacterial cystitis, urinary tract infection.Death.BCG intravesical immunotherapyIntravesical instillation of the biologic response modifier BCG after complete endoscopic resection of bladder tumor(s) is a

Procedures had been performed by French, German, and English surgeons • 5 cured, 2 with artificial anus, 2 died • Became a recognized surgical procedure in 1875 by Kuster.Alternate Names and Laparoscopic Advantages • Alternative Names • Small intestine surgery; Bowel resection - small intestine; Resection of part of the small intestine; Enterectomy • Laparoscopic Advantages • Quicker recovery time • Faster return to eating solid foods • Less pain • Fewer scars • Lower risk of infection • Fewer post-operative complicationsWhen a Small Bowel Resection May be Needed • A blockage in the intestine caused by scar tissue or deformities • Bleeding, infection, or ulcers caused by inflammation of the small intestine. Three conditions that may cause inflammation are regional ileitis, regional enteritis, and Crohn’s disease. • Injuries to the small intestine • Cancer • Precancerous polyps (nodes) • Benign tumors • Risks • Damage to nearby organs in the body • Wound infections • Wound breaking open • Bulging tissue through the incision, called an incisional hernia • Short bowel syndrome (when a large amount of the small intestine needs to be removed) • The ends of your intestines that are sewn together may come open. This is called anastomosis. This may be life threatening. • Anastamotic leak • Scar tissue may form in your belly and cause blockage of your intestines. • Problems with your ileostomy • Inadvertantenterotomy • Anastomotic stricture • HemorrhagePatient Presentation • Unlike some diseases there are many different signs and symptoms that may